At the beginning of the twentieth century, Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire and consisted of the three states of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul. The most important event in that period was the emergence of the Arab nationalist movement, a comprehensive movement and a harbinger of Arab unity. In Iraq, the Arab National movement was formed as a result of several factors. The present research adopts a descriptive-analytical method in order to answer these questions: What factors influenced the formation of the Arab National movement in Iraq? What developments take place? And in the end, what was the result? The article shows that in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Iraqi elite was formed under the influence of modern education in Ottoman schools. That group became the nucleus of Arab nationalists during the Young Turks’ rule. The policies of imposing the Turkish identity on the Arabs played a prominent role in arousing the sense of national identity and the unity of the Iraqi elite with the Arab National movement. In response to the policies of the rulers of Istanbul, they formed nationalist groups and activities in Iraq’ s cities in order to spread Arab nationalism. Their activities led to the preservation of the unity of the empire, but as the First World War progressed, the Iraqis also moved towards full independence from the Ottoman rule, which resulted in the participation of Iraqi officers in the 1916 Arab Revolt. At the end of the war, the most important result of the Arab National movement in Iraq was the Sunni Arabs’ gaining power.

By Occurrence of a/11/u. s put the Reform in middle east countries in its Agenda in the form of Greater middle east plan. This plan Was applied in us foreign policy in 2002 with a Social appearance but a deep political & security reality, Ignorance of the Planners of greater middle east policy about Societal factors in the region, had a great part in its failure Recent upheaval’s in middle east Which are caused by Islamic awakening in Arabic region, are outcomes of that failure one of the Causes of success & continuity of people’s presence in the scene of protests, is the indigenous & original Nature of middle eastern developments & non-involvement of international forces in this upheavals. Bahrain is one of the main fronts of Islamic Awakening & this article tries to focus on it.

Background: Stress is a migraine trigger. Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator between stress and disease is one of the factors affecting the symptoms of migraine. Purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety sensitivity in patients with migraine.Methods: In this semi experimental study, 36 patients with migraine were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Patients of experimental group received EMDR therapy, 3 sessions of 90 minutes within three weeks. Control group did not receive any medical or psychological intervention. Participants in both groups were evaluated with Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory- Revised (ASI-R) during pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up.Findings: The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing reduces anxiety sensitivity (P<0.05) in patients.Conclusion: The results suggest that EMDR can be considered as one of the therapies for migraine headaches.

Cosmopolitanism, Romantic movement, the development and extension of literature through communication devices and advancement of publishing technology were the sources of emergence of comparative literature.The present article studies the attempts of Arab literary men in this field after it was introduced into Arabic literature.

Obtaining reliable estimation and information about particulate matters (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micron is crucial. This is due to the PM10 serious negative impact on human health and environment. Therefore، studying the concentration and spatial pattern of the PM10 in urban cities، especially populated and industrial cities، has become a popular an important subject for researchers. For this purpose، several pollution stations have been established in different part of cities. These stations have the capability of measuring and recording the concentration amount of various pollutant including PM10، PM2. 5، and etc. however، pollution stations can measure the concentration amount of various stations precisely، their measurements are not spatially connected and only spars point observations are provided. One of mostly used and efficient methods to solve this problem is to use remote sensing data. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol contribution to apparent reflectance (ACR) are two mostly used remote sensing data which have been used to study the concentration and spatial pattern of PM10. In this study، we have adopted to use ACR images instead of AOD based on three reasons including their higher spatial resolution، spatially connected (without any gap)، and at last the absence of aerosol robotic network (AERONET) for AOD retrieved values evaluation in our study area. ACR images can be generated though a relation using red and SWIR (2. 1 µ m) bands. In particular، we can estimate the surface reflectance (SR) of the Red band from top of atmosphere reflectance (TOAR) of the SWIR (2. 1 µ m) band. This is possible based on an assumption that the aerosol’ s effect on SWIR band is negligible because of its higher wavelength. After the estimation of Red band SR، the difference between Red band SR and TOAR can be an illustration of the amount of atmospheric reflectance. In this study، moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) level-1B images identified as MOD02HKM with 500 m spatial resolution for 12 days over Tehran، Iran have been utilized. Their corresponding ground measurements of PM10 concentration from 13 pollution stations spread have been used. We have used artificial neural networks to develop the model to estimate the PM10 concentration from ACR data. This has been done in two different approaches including daily modeling (each day separately) and overall modeling (using 12 days data together). Artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layers and sigmoid transfer function using the levenberg-marquardt algorithm are employed to model the relation between ACR values and corresponding PM10 concentration. Also، pollution maps are generated to investigate the spatial pattern of the PM10. In daily modeling artificial neural networks with one، two، and three layer(s) achieved 0. 769، 0. 806، and 0. 848 R2 values respectively، representing the higher capabilities of artificial neural networks with more hidden layer. However، it should be noted that the increase in the number of hidden layer will result in overfitting of the model to the training part of data. Finally، the overall modeling using artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layer(s) obtained 0. 412، 0. 499، 0. 503 R2 values.

Political stability and security are the main concerns of governments. They are defined as the absence of serious and destructive threats and challenges and not minor changes which are necessary for the dynamism and sustainability of any political and social system. Since the last quarter of 20th century, governments, especially authoritarian ones faced security threats and challenges due to the effects of the spread of democratic movements, communications revolution, globalization, generational change and increasing political and social dissent. In this article, the authors try to answer the questions that why recent social movements in the region, called Arab Spring did not spread into the United Arab Emirates? And why this country despite having the highest number of Internet users and social networks was not affected by social movement? To do this, they use a causal-explanatory methodology. The most important reasons in this regard (research hypothesis) are: structure of non-indigenous population enjoying majority (85%) and their conservatism because of political-economic reasons and their lack of right of citizenship, functional legitimacy of government in economic and welfare field traditional and religious legitimacy of the government, increasing tendency among users for using Internet as an instrument for entertainment, trade, communications and non-political purposes, and limitations imposed by the government on the capacities of social networks, especially regarding political links. The findings of research confirm the effect of all these reasons on political stability and the lack of the emergence of a revolutionary movement in this country following the advent of Arab Spring.

By starting the domino effect of uprisings in Arab countries, Tunisia and Egypt as a source of these revolts were the first states that had undergone sociopolitical changes. So, these uprisings had been led to the results that it is called, respectively, “, Jasmine”,and “, Nile”,Revolutions. It seems that these revolutions had stemmed from similar causes with respect to the social, political, economic and even cultural commonality within these countries. But, the results and trends of changes in Tunisia and Egypt have not been alike. Although the youth and labors coalition in commencing and conducting of uprisings within both states had an impressive role, the reaction of military and Islamic movements to these uprisings was different and led to a varied result. While the Tunisian revolution is considered as the only successful protest in the Arab world, coming back to power the figures who belonged to last regimes in both countries was a harbinger of rising the new type of reformist revolution that is called Refolution. This work tries, in the light of a descriptive-analytical manner and by relying on a crisscross style of induction and deduction, to study the impressive variations in breaking out and directing uprisings in both Tunisia and Egypt.

2Background and Aim: Sleep deprivation causes impairment in learning and memory. Several studies have shown the positive effect of nitric oxide on learning and memory processes. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of using L-arginine as a precursor of nitric oxide on spatial learning and memory impairment following rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation in rats was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 rats were divided into five groups: control, sleep deprivation, sleep deprivation plus triple doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg L-arginine (intraperitoneal injection). The method of multiple platforms was used to induce 72 hours of sleep deprivation. Then, the spatial learning and memory levels of all rats were checked using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Results: Administration of 200 mg/kg L-arginine attenuated the effects of REM sleep deprivation on learning, but it had no effect on memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it seems that nitric oxide can improve the negative effects of REM sleep deprivation on learning.

It seems a truism that in modern day academia, all historical scholars who wrote in Greek are known as Greeks and all those who wrote in Arabic are known as Arabs. A curious fact is that all those scholars in all of medieval European Christendom who wrote in Latin are always referred to by their country of origin.Does this curious historical fact betray some form of cultural bias.The ancient Mediterranean Greek speaking world were a disparate group of cultures spreading from southern Italy through North Africa to Anatolia and western Mesopotamia.Even the Athenians considered themselves apart from Spartans and Macedonians and they were always in conict.Modern European scholars often disregard the debt that these Greek speaking thinkers owed to the concepts which they freely borrowed from their Egyptian, Babylonian, and Persian neighbors without mention of their reference sources and consider their ideas as of primarily ‘Greek’ origin.This ‘Hellenistic’ bias of Europeans has a complicated root which is outwith the scope of this essay.